超参数优化是识别给定的机器学习模型的适当的超参数配置的过程。对于较小的数据集，可以进行详尽的搜索；但是，当数据大小和模型复杂性增加时，配置评估的数量成为主要计算瓶颈。解决此类问题的有希望的范式是基于替代物的优化。此范式基础的主要思想考虑了超参数空间与输出（目标）空间之间关系的增量更新模型；该模型的数据是通过评估主学习引擎来获得的，例如基于计算机的模型。通过学习近似超参数目标关系，可以使用替代（机器学习）模型来评分大量的超参数配置，并探索除直接机器学习引擎评估的配置空间的一部分。通常，在优化初始化之前选择替代物，并且在搜索过程中保持不变。我们调查了在优化本身期间代孕物质的动态切换是否是选择最合适的基于计算机的大规模在线推荐的最合适的分解模型的实用相关性的明智概念。我们对包含数亿个实例的数据集进行了基准测试，以针对既定基线，例如随机森林和高斯基于过程的替代物。结果表明，替代转换可以提供良好的性能，同时考虑学习引擎评估较少。

This work profoundly analyzes discrete self-supervised speech representations through the eyes of Generative Spoken Language Modeling (GSLM). Following the findings of such an analysis, we propose practical improvements to the discrete unit for the GSLM. First, we start comprehending these units by analyzing them in three axes: interpretation, visualization, and resynthesis. Our analysis finds a high correlation between the speech units to phonemes and phoneme families, while their correlation with speaker or gender is weaker. Additionally, we found redundancies in the extracted units and claim that one reason may be the units' context. Following this analysis, we propose a new, unsupervised metric to measure unit redundancies. Finally, we use this metric to develop new methods that improve the robustness of units clustering and show significant improvement considering zero-resource speech metrics such as ABX. Code and analysis tools are available under the following link.

Prior works on improving speech quality with visual input typically study each type of auditory distortion separately (e.g., separation, inpainting, video-to-speech) and present tailored algorithms. This paper proposes to unify these subjects and study Generalized Speech Enhancement, where the goal is not to reconstruct the exact reference clean signal, but to focus on improving certain aspects of speech. In particular, this paper concerns intelligibility, quality, and video synchronization. We cast the problem as audio-visual speech resynthesis, which is composed of two steps: pseudo audio-visual speech recognition (P-AVSR) and pseudo text-to-speech synthesis (P-TTS). P-AVSR and P-TTS are connected by discrete units derived from a self-supervised speech model. Moreover, we utilize self-supervised audio-visual speech model to initialize P-AVSR. The proposed model is coined ReVISE. ReVISE is the first high-quality model for in-the-wild video-to-speech synthesis and achieves superior performance on all LRS3 audio-visual enhancement tasks with a single model. To demonstrates its applicability in the real world, ReVISE is also evaluated on EasyCom, an audio-visual benchmark collected under challenging acoustic conditions with only 1.6 hours of training data. Similarly, ReVISE greatly suppresses noise and improves quality. Project page: https://wnhsu.github.io/ReVISE.

Dual encoders are now the dominant architecture for dense retrieval. Yet, we have little understanding of how they represent text, and why this leads to good performance. In this work, we shed light on this question via distributions over the vocabulary. We propose to interpret the vector representations produced by dual encoders by projecting them into the model's vocabulary space. We show that the resulting distributions over vocabulary tokens are intuitive and contain rich semantic information. We find that this view can explain some of the failure cases of dense retrievers. For example, the inability of models to handle tail entities can be explained via a tendency of the token distributions to forget some of the tokens of those entities. We leverage this insight and propose a simple way to enrich query and passage representations with lexical information at inference time, and show that this significantly improves performance compared to the original model in out-of-domain settings.

In intensively managed forests in Europe, where forests are divided into stands of small size and may show heterogeneity within stands, a high spatial resolution (10 - 20 meters) is arguably needed to capture the differences in canopy height. In this work, we developed a deep learning model based on multi-stream remote sensing measurements to create a high-resolution canopy height map over the "Landes de Gascogne" forest in France, a large maritime pine plantation of 13,000 km$^2$ with flat terrain and intensive management. This area is characterized by even-aged and mono-specific stands, of a typical length of a few hundred meters, harvested every 35 to 50 years. Our deep learning U-Net model uses multi-band images from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 with composite time averages as input to predict tree height derived from GEDI waveforms. The evaluation is performed with external validation data from forest inventory plots and a stereo 3D reconstruction model based on Skysat imagery available at specific locations. We trained seven different U-net models based on a combination of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 bands to evaluate the importance of each instrument in the dominant height retrieval. The model outputs allow us to generate a 10 m resolution canopy height map of the whole "Landes de Gascogne" forest area for 2020 with a mean absolute error of 2.02 m on the Test dataset. The best predictions were obtained using all available satellite layers from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 but using only one satellite source also provided good predictions. For all validation datasets in coniferous forests, our model showed better metrics than previous canopy height models available in the same region.

Voice Conversion (VC) is the task of making a spoken utterance by one speaker sound as if uttered by a different speaker, while keeping other aspects like content unchanged. Current VC methods, focus primarily on spectral features like timbre, while ignoring the unique speaking style of people which often impacts prosody. In this study, we introduce a method for converting not only the timbre, but also prosodic information (i.e., rhythm and pitch changes) to those of the target speaker. The proposed approach is based on a pretrained, self-supervised, model for encoding speech to discrete units, which make it simple, effective, and easy to optimise. We consider the many-to-many setting with no paired data. We introduce a suite of quantitative and qualitative evaluation metrics for this setup, and empirically demonstrate the proposed approach is significantly superior to the evaluated baselines. Code and samples can be found under https://pages.cs.huji.ac.il/adiyoss-lab/dissc/ .

A core process in human cognition is analogical mapping: the ability to identify a similar relational structure between different situations. We introduce a novel task, Visual Analogies of Situation Recognition, adapting the classical word-analogy task into the visual domain. Given a triplet of images, the task is to select an image candidate B' that completes the analogy (A to A' is like B to what?). Unlike previous work on visual analogy that focused on simple image transformations, we tackle complex analogies requiring understanding of scenes. We leverage situation recognition annotations and the CLIP model to generate a large set of 500k candidate analogies. Crowdsourced annotations for a sample of the data indicate that humans agree with the dataset label ~80% of the time (chance level 25%). Furthermore, we use human annotations to create a gold-standard dataset of 3,820 validated analogies. Our experiments demonstrate that state-of-the-art models do well when distractors are chosen randomly (~86%), but struggle with carefully chosen distractors (~53%, compared to 90% human accuracy). We hope our dataset will encourage the development of new analogy-making models. Website: https://vasr-dataset.github.io/

Indonesia holds the second-highest-ranking country for the highest number of malaria cases in Southeast Asia. A different malaria parasite semantic segmentation technique based on a deep learning approach is an alternative to reduce the limitations of traditional methods. However, the main problem of the semantic segmentation technique is raised since large parasites are dominant, and the tiny parasites are suppressed. In addition, the amount and variance of data are important influences in establishing their models. In this study, we conduct two contributions. First, we collect 559 microscopic images containing 691 malaria parasites of thin blood smears. The dataset is named PlasmoID, and most data comes from rural Indonesia. PlasmoID also provides ground truth for parasite detection and segmentation purposes. Second, this study proposes a malaria parasite segmentation and detection scheme by combining Faster RCNN and a semantic segmentation technique. The proposed scheme has been evaluated on the PlasmoID dataset. It has been compared with recent studies of semantic segmentation techniques, namely UNet, ResFCN-18, DeepLabV3, DeepLabV3plus and ResUNet-18. The result shows that our proposed scheme can improve the segmentation and detection of malaria parasite performance compared to original semantic segmentation techniques.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

The attention mechanism is considered the backbone of the widely-used Transformer architecture. It contextualizes the input by computing input-specific attention matrices. We find that this mechanism, while powerful and elegant, is not as important as typically thought for pretrained language models. We introduce PAPA, a new probing method that replaces the input-dependent attention matrices with constant ones -- the average attention weights over multiple inputs. We use PAPA to analyze several established pretrained Transformers on six downstream tasks. We find that without any input-dependent attention, all models achieve competitive performance -- an average relative drop of only 8% from the probing baseline. Further, little or no performance drop is observed when replacing half of the input-dependent attention matrices with constant (input-independent) ones. Interestingly, we show that better-performing models lose more from applying our method than weaker models, suggesting that the utilization of the input-dependent attention mechanism might be a factor in their success. Our results motivate research on simpler alternatives to input-dependent attention, as well as on methods for better utilization of this mechanism in the Transformer architecture.